Weaponeering:
An Introduction

Third Edition, Volume 1

Morris R. Driels
Professor Emeritus, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California

AIAA EDUCATION SERIES
Joseph A. Schetz, Editor-in-Chief
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia

CONTENTS
Preface	xvii
Objectives of the Book	xxiii
Acknowledgements	xxv
Nomenclature	xxvii
Volume 1	Introduction to Weaponeering
Chapter 1	Overview of Weaponeering and
Weapon Effectiveness	1
1.1	Definitions	1
1.2	Examples of a Weaponeering Outcome: Air Tasking Order	1
1.3	Weaponeering: Part of a Larger Planning Cycle	4
1.4	An Example of a Weaponeering Tool	6
1.5	Basic Components Needed to Compute Effectiveness	9
1.6	Effectiveness Calculation Methodology	26
1.7	Implementing a Methodology Into a Model	27
References	29
Chapter 2	Introduction to Statistical Methods	31
2.1	Why are Statistics Needed?	31
2.2	Population and Sample	32
2.3	Univariate Distribution	32
2.4	Univariate Normal Distribution	35
2.5	Bivariate Normal Distribution	42
2.6	Probability	44
2.7	Circular Normal and Rayleigh Distributions	47
2.8	Uniform Distribution	51
2.9	Binomial Distribution	54
2.10	Mott and Weibull Distributions	58

ix

x	Weaponeering: An Introduction
2.11	Poisson Distribution	59
2.12	Testing Data for a Particular Distribution	60
2.13	Functions of Random Variables	62
2.14	Mathematical Expectation	63
2.15	Monte Carlo Simulations	67
2.16	Generating Random Numbers from the Cumulative Distribution	68
2.17	Confidence Levels, Limits, and Intervals	69
2.18	Required Number of Monte Carlo Iterations	73
2.19	Application of Statistics to Weaponeering	76
Reference	77
Chapter 3	Weapon Trajectory	79
3.1	Introduction	79
3.2	Initial Release or Firing Velocities	80
3.3	Zero-Drag, Point Mass Model	81
3.4	The Characterization of Air Resistance	85
3.5	Trajectory in a Standard Atmosphere	88
3.6	Linear-Drag, Point Mass Model	91
3.7	High-Fidelity Point Mass Model	95
3.8	General Stability of Projectiles	99
3.9	Effects of Wind on Ballistic Trajectory	101
3.10	Using Trajectory Models in Fire Control Systems (FCSs)	105
3.11	Artillery Tabular Firing Tables	106
3.12	Trajectory for Guided Weapons and Munitions	107
3.13	Ballistic Partial/Unit Effects from Trajectory Programs	109
3.14	Air-Launched Loft and Dive Toss Deliveries	112
3.15	Fuze Models	116
References	122
Chapter 4	Delivery Accuracy: Overview	123
4.1	Introduction	123
4.2	Error Types	124
4.3	Unguided and Guided Weapon Accuracy	130
4.4	How Accuracy Data are Obtained	133
4.5	General Measures of Dispersion	134
4.6	Vertical Errors	139
4.7	Commonly Used Equations Based on Normal Data	139
4.8	Noncircular Distributions	142
4.9	Accuracy Measures Including a Bias	144
4.10	Accuracy in the Normal Plane	145
4.11	Definitions of the Angular Mil	147
4.12	Converting Between Ground and Normal Plane Accuracy Values	147
4.13	Treatment of Precision Errors in the Normal Plane	150
4.14	Nonnormal Distributions	151
4.1	
Contents	xi
4.15	Processing Test Data Using PHIT/PNM Methodology	155
4.16	CEP for Nonnormal Miss Distance Distributions	157
4.17	Generating Random Miss Distances for PHIT/PNM Distributions	160
4.18	Overview of Weapon System Accuracies	161
4.19	Accuracy of Air-Launched, Unguided Weapons	161
4.20	Accuracy of Air-Launched, Guided Weapons	162
4.21	Accuracy of Surface-Launched, Unguided Weapons	163
4.22	Accuracy of Surface-Launched, Guided Weapons	163
4.23	General Approach to Accuracy Predictions: Error Budgets	166
4.24	Treatment of Vertical Errors	169
4.25	Spherical Errors: SEP	172
References	174
Chapter 5	Accuracy of GPS/INS Guided Munitions	175
5.1	Overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS)	175
5.2	Determining Position with no Errors Present	176
5.3	Pseudorange and Clock Errors	177
5.4	User Position from four Satellite Pseudoranges	178
5.5	User Position from more than Four Satellites	180
5.6	User Position in Geodetic and Local Coordinates	180
5.7	Accuracy of GPS-Measured Locations	184
5.8	GPS Error Budgets	187
5.9	Differential GPS	188
5.10	GPS/INS Guided Munitions	191
5.11	Near-Precision GPS Guided Munitions	193
5.12	Effect of Vertical Errors on Total Ground Plane Accuracy	195
5.13	Targeting Modes	196
5.14	GPS Jamming	201
5.15	Receiver–Jammer Interaction	202
5.16	GPS Jammer Performance	203
5.17	Jamming Mitigation	204
5.18	INS-Only Accuracy	206
5.19	Low-Level Wind (LLW) Effects	209
5.20	Nonplanar Trajectories	210
5.21	Computational Tools to Generate GPS Accuracies	212
References	215
Chapter 6	Introduction to Vulnerability and Effectiveness	217
6.1	Introduction	217
6.2	Effectiveness Indices	217
6.3	Requirements for the Computation of Effectiveness Indices	219
6.4	Collecting and Characterizing Warhead Fragment Data	220
6.5	Compartment vs Component Vulnerability	227
6.6	Vulnerability Assessment for Fragmentation Warheads	227
6.1	
xii	Weaponeering: An Introduction
6.7	Presented and Vulnerable Areas	230
6.8	Critical and Noncritical Components	231
6.9	Redundant and Nonredundant Critical Components	231
6.10	Critical Components, Kill Definitions and Failure Analysis
                                       Logic Trees (FALTs)                                                                               231
6.11	Target Vulnerability to Single Fragments	233
6.12	Case A: Target Composed of Nonredundant Critical
                                      Components with no Overlap                                                            235
6.13	Case B: Target Composed of Nonredundant Critical
                                      Components that Overlap                                                                  237
6.14	Case C: Target Composed of Some Redundant Critical
                                      Components with no Overlap                                                            238
6.15	Case D: Target Composed of Some Redundant Critical
                                      Components that Overlap                                                                  240
6.16	Multiple-Hit Vulnerability	241
6.17	Effectiveness Assessment for a Specific Weapon	243
6.18	Centroid of Vulnerability and Different Fragment Weights	247
6.19	Damage Matrix and Lethal Area	249
6.20	Vulnerability Assessment for Blast Warheads	251
References	250
Chapter 7	Vulnerability Assessment: Implementation	253
7.1	Introduction	253
7.2	Complex Targets Sensitive to Fragments	253
7.3	Overview of Tools Used for Vulnerability Analysis	255
7.4	Target Geometric Model (TGM)	256
7.5	Failure Analysis Logic Tree (FALT) Diagrams	259
7.6	Definition of Fragment Impact Angles	261
7.7	Shotline Analysis	262
7.8	Component Representation Along a Shotline	263
7.9	Penetration of Components Along a Shotline	264
7.10	Calculating the Shotline PK/sh	269
7.11	Computation of Vulnerable Area Tool (COVART)	271
7.12	Advanced Joint Effectiveness Model (AJEM)	277
7.13	Modular Unix-Based Vulnerability Suite (MUVES S-2)	279
7.14	Vulnerability Assessment for Bullets, Penetrating Rod,
                                      and Shaped Charge Warheads                                                           280
7.15	Vulnerability Data for Projectiles	289
References	290
Chapter 8	Effectiveness Assessment: Implementation	293
8.1	Effectiveness Assessment: Computing the Damage Matrix	293
8.2	Detailed Description of the General Full Spray Materiel
Model (GFSM)	299

8.3	

Orientation of the Weapon in GFSM Scenario	Contents

300	xiii	
8.4	GFSM Target Description	301		
8.5	GFSM Warhead Description	301		
8.6	GFSM Fragment Drag Data	301		
8.7	GFSM Fragmentation Zones	303		
8.8	Fragment Velocity/Maximum Effective Range	305		
8.9	GFSM Computation of PK	306		
8.10	GFSM Calculation of PK(r, gj)	308		
8.11	Review of Computational Procedure	309		
8.12	Worked Problem for GFSM Methodology	310		
8.13	Computation of the PK Matrix	313		
8.14	Joint Mean Area of Effects (JMAE) Model	316		
8.15	Simplification of Damage Matrix	325		
8.16	Conserving Lethality for Different Damage Functions	331		
8.17	Lethal Area Calculation for Targets Sensitive to Blast	331		
8.18	Combining Lethal Area Matrices: The			
	AVMAT Program	334		
Chapter 9	Calculating Damage Probabilities: Monte
Carlo Methods	339
9.1	Introduction	339
9.2	Basic Approach to Effectiveness Calculation	340
9.3	Interpretation of the Weapon Lethal Area	341
9.4	Using other Damage Functions	343
9.5	Carlton Damage Function	343
9.6	Lethal area Matrix	345
9.7	Blast Damage Function	346
9.8	Multiple Weapon Attacks	346
9.9	Required Number of Monte Carlo Iterations	353
9.10	Methodology Summary	354
9.11	Four Target Types	355
Chapter 10	Calculating Damage Probability: Deterministic Methods	357
10.1	Introduction	357
10.2	Rectangular Damage Function	357
10.3	Carlton Damage Function	361
10.4	Lethal Area Matrix Damage Function	364
10.5	PD1  for Blast Damage Function	366
10.6	Some  Computational  Considerations	368
10.7	Force Estimation	369
10.8	Template for Implementing Weaponeering Solutions	370
10.9	Calculating PD1  for Guided Weapons	374
10.10	Multiple Weapon Attacks	379
10.1	
xiv	Weaponeering: An Introduction
10.11	Comparing Circular and Rectangular Cookie Cutter Damage  Functions	384
10.12	Bomb Burial	385
Chapter 11	Single Weapons Directed Against an Area of
Targets	387
11.1	Introduction	387
11.2	Measurement of Damage	387
11.3	Weapon Represented by Rectangular Damage Function	391
11.4	Relative Size of Lethal Area and Target Area	392
11.5	Fractional Coverage	396
11.6	Spreadsheet to Compute FD1	404
11.7	Weaponeering Spreadsheet	404
11.8	Calculating FD1 for Guided Weapons	406
11.9	Weapon Represented by Carlton Damage Function	408
Reference	413
Chapter 12	Stick Deliveries	415
12.1	Introduction	415
12.2	Determining the Pattern Dimensions	417
12.3	Calculating the Stick Width	418
12.4	Calculating Stick Length	421
12.5	Precision Errors for Stick Deliveries	422
12.6	Pattern Dimensions	425
12.7	Weapon Sparsity and Overlap in the Pattern	425
12.8	Summary of Computing Fractional Damage for Sticks	429
12.9	Spreadsheet Implementation	430
12.10	Advanced Method for Calculating Fractional Damage	430
12.11	Effect on FD of Different Multiple Weapon Representations	434
Chapter 13	Cluster Munitions	437
13.1	Introduction	437
13.2	Types of Cluster Munitions	439
13.3	General Analytical Treatment of Cluster Munitions	445
13.4	Trajectory Computations	446
13.5	Submunition Pattern Dimensions	449
13.6	Rectangular Patterns in the Ground Plane	449
13.7	Circular Patterns in the Normal Plane	453
13.8	Effect of Precision Error	456
13.9	Spreadsheet Implementation	456
Chapter 14	Projectiles	459
14.1	Introduction	459
14.2	Simplified Projectile Methodology	462
14.1	

14.3	

Accuracy  Considerations	Contents

463	xv	
14.4	Damage Functions	464		
14.5	Effectiveness Calculations	465		
14.6	PD when More Than One Round is Required for a Kill	467		
14.7	Spreadsheet Implementation	469		
14.8	Higher Fidelity Model	469		
14.9	Gunnery Model with Correlation: Aimpoint Wander	471		
14.10	Round-to-Round Correlation	474		
14.11	Generating Correlated Impact Points	477		
14.12	Correlation Coefficients	478		
14.13	Effectiveness Calculations with Correlation	478		
14.14	Effectiveness for Penetrating Munitions with Correlation	478		
References	481
Chapter 15	Weaponeering for Specific Targets using Effectiveness Indices	483
15.1	Introduction	483
15.2	Bridges	487
15.3	Effective Miss Distance (EMD) Damage Function	492
15.4	Aboveground Buildings	499
15.5	Interpretation of Building Damage	506
15.6	Linear Target Method	507
15.7	Indirect Aim Points	510
15.8	Improved Stick/Volley Methodology	518
15.9	Summary of Weaponeering Methodologies and Chapter Locator	523
Reference	523
Chapter 16	Surface-to-Surface Weaponeering: Indirect Fire	525
16.1	Introduction	525
16.2	Terminology and Combat Scenarios	526
16.3	Aimpoint Selection	527
16.4	Weapon Lethal Area	529
16.5	Delivery Accuracy	533
16.6	Munition Trajectory	537
16.7	Naval Gunfire	537
16.8	Comparing Sequential Dependent and Independent FD Events	538
16.9	Computational Tools for Surface-to-Surface Weaponeering	543
16.10	Superquickie 2, Unitary Warhead	543
16.11	Superquickie 2, Improved Conventional Munition	550
16.12	High Fidelity Model: Matrix Evaluator (ME) Program	552
16.13	Fractional Damage Calculations for Multiple Events	560
16.14	Improved Conventional Munitions (ICM) in Matrix Evaluator	561
16.15	Matrix Evaluator V2.0	563
16.16	ARTQUIK Method	569
16.1	

xvi	Weaponeering: An Introduction

16.17	Damage Done by a Single Weapon with an Offset Aimpoint	

570	
	16.18	Combining the Damage Function with Precision Error	572	
	16.19	Defining the Volley Damage Grid	573	
	16.20	ARTQUIK Model for Improved Conventional		
	Munitions (ICMs)	576	
	16.21	Stochastic Modeling of Indirect Fire	578	
	16.22	Summary of Model Features	581	
	Reference	583	
	Chapter 17	Direct Fire: Infantry, Vehicles, and Small Boats	585	
	17.1    Introduction	585	
	17.2    Direct Fire Against Personnel Targets: FBAR	586	
	17.3    Direct Fire Against Vehicles: Passive Vehicle Target		
	Model (PVTM)	593	
	17.4    Naval Direct Fire Systems: JGEM	599	
	References	612	
	Chapter 18	Computer Implementation of Weaponeering		
	Methods	613	
	18.1    Introduction	613	
	18.2     Historical Development of Warfighter Tools	614	
	18.3    Integrated Weaponeering Tool	622	
	18.4     Unclassified Database	634	
	Appendix A	Standard Statistical Tables	637	
	Appendix B	Weapon Selection Based on Target and Damage Criteria	

645	
	Index	671	
	Supporting Materials	000	

 	

Advanced  Weaponeering

Third Edition, Volume 2

Morris R. Driels
Professor Emeritus, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California

AIAA EDUCATION SERIES
Joseph A. Schetz, Editor-in-Chief
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia

CONTENTS
Preface	xvii
A Note on Volume 2	xxiii
Objectives of the Book	xxv
Acknowledgements	xxvii
Nomenclature	xxix
Volume 2	Advanced Weaponeering
Chapter 1	Historical Review of Weapon Effects Methods	1
1.8	Introduction	1
1.9	Review of Weaponeering Methodologies Prior to World War II	3
1.10	The Variable Time and Proximity Fuze	7
1.11	Review of Weaponeering Methodologies After
World War II	12
1.12	Further Work of John von Neumann	14
1.13	Roger Snow’s Work (With Ryan, Harris, and Lind)	17
1.14	Salvo Formula	21
1.15	Fendrikov and Yakovlev	29
1.16	U.S. Organizational History	31
References	31
Chapter 2	Advanced Trajectory Methods	33
2.20	Air-to-Surface Trajectory	33
2.21	Unguided Weapon Trajectory Software (UWTS)	33
2.22	Guided Weapon Trajectory Software (GWTS)	36
2.23	Precision Munition Planning Tool (PMPT)	43
2.24	Example Trajectory Model for Guided Weapons	45
2.25	Surface-to-Surface Weapon Trajectory	52
ix

x	Advanced Weaponeering
2.26	Spin-Stabilized Projectiles	53
2.27	Modified Point Mass Trajectory Model (MPMTM)	61
2.28	Equations of Motion	66
References	71
Chapter 3	Delivery Accuracy	73
3.16	Accuracy Contours	73
3.17	Mixture Models	78
3.18	Three-Term Accuracy Mixture Models	80
3.19	Two-Term Accuracy Mixture Models	81
3.20	Calculating Damage Probabilities	83
3.21	Complete Error Descriptions	87
3.22	Implementation Issues	90
3.23	Standardized Methods for Analysis: Requirements	91
3.24	A Delivery Accuracy Analysis Toolbox	92
Reference	98
Chapter 4	Accuracy of Air-Launched Unguided Weapons	99
4.26	Introduction	99
4.27	Mechanization	99
4.28	Sign Conventions and Definitions	101
4.29	CCRP Mechanization	102
4.30	CCRP Modes	105
4.31	Computation of Miss Distances for CCRP Mechanization	106
4.32	Miss Distances Error Budget for CCRP	114
4.33	CCIP Mechanization	117
4.34	CCIP Modes	120
4.35	Computation of Miss Distances for CCIP	121
4.36	Bombing on Coordinates Mechanization	125
4.37	Summary	128
Chapter 5	Accuracy of Surface-Launched Unguided
Munitions	129
5.22	Introduction	129
5.23	Fuze Types	130
5.24	Delivery Techniques (MODES)	132
5.25	Accuracy Model Validation	133
5.26	Inputs to the Accuracy Model	133
5.27	Atmospheric Effects	134
5.28	Precision Error Model	135
5.29	MPI Error Model	138
5.30	MPI Errors for Observer-Adjusted Fire	140
5.31	MPI Errors for Predicted Fire	140
5.1	

5.11	

MPI Errors for Registration/Transfer-Adjusted Fire	Contents

143	xi	
5.12	MPI Errors For MET þ VE Adjusted Fire	145		
5.13	MPI Error for Range K Adjusted Fire	150		
5.14	Evaluating Terms in Error Budget Equations	161		
5.15	Accuracy Calculation Example	163		
5.16	Naval Gun Systems	166		
References	170

Chapter 6	Aimpoint Optimization for Multiple Weapon
Attacks	171
6.21	Introduction	171
6.22	Methodology Overview	173
6.23	Analysis	175
6.24	Implementation	181
6.25	Optimization	183
6.26	Review of Prior Work	184
References	204
Chapter 7	Nonhomogeneous Targets	207
7.16	Introduction	207
7.17	Target Description	208
7.18	Attack Description	210
7.19	Weapon–Target Interaction	211
7.20	Target Shielding	211
7.21	PK Calculations for All Weapon–Target Pairings	213
7.22	Combining PD for Multiple Weapons	217
7.23	Damage to the Complete Target: Disablement Diagrams	217
7.24	Monte Carlo Structure	220
7.25	Summary of Methodology	222
Reference	222
Chapter 8	Cratering	223
8.3	Introduction	223
8.4	Treatment of Cylindrical Charges	223
8.5	Crater Geometry and Definitions	224
8.6	Detonations in Soil	225
8.7	Surface Craters in Concrete	228
8.8	Surface Craters in Concrete Over Soil	230
8.9	Ejecta	235
8.10	Summary	240
References	240

xii	Advanced Weaponeering
Chapter 9	Ground Penetration	243
9.12	Introduction	243
9.13	Penetration Modeling using PC Effects Program	243
9.14	Penetration Modeling using PENCRV3D	247
9.15	PENCRV3D Stress Equations	252
9.16	Ricochet and Broach	254
9.17	Advanced Bomb Burial	257
References	260
Chapter 10	Moving Targets	261
10.13	Introduction	261
10.14	Calculating Moving Target Accuracy: Basic Approach	261
10.15	Target Motion	262
10.16	Constrained Target Motion: Land Vehicles	264
10.17	Weaponeering Tool Implementation	278
10.18	Unconstrained Target Motion: Boats	280
References	294
Chapter 11	Air Blast	295
11.10	Fundamentals of Air Blast	295
11.11	Explosion Characteristics	295
11.12	Characteristics of Air	297
11.13	The Shock Front	297
11.14	Formation of the Blast Wave	298
11.15	Explosive Yield	300
11.16	Characteristics of the Blast Wave	301
11.17	Shockwave Reflection	308
11.18	Normal Air Shockwave Reflection	309
11.19	Blast Characteristics: Kingery-Bulmash Data	313
11.20	External Blast Loading on Structures	316
11.21	Dynamic Response of Structures and Components	321
11.22	Internal Blast Loading on Structures	324
11.23	The FACEDAP Program	326
11.24	Engineering Models for Predicting Blast Damage	331
11.25	Blast Effects Against Materiel Targets	334
11.26	Blast Lethal Miss Distance (LMD)	336
11.27	Joint Blast Analysis Methodology (JBAM)	342
References	345
Chapter 12	Tunnels	347
12.12	Introduction	347
12.13	Overview of JWS Tunnel Weaponeering Methodology	347
12.14	Tunnel Crater Methodology	350
12.1	

12.4	

Spall Crater Formation	Contents

351	xiii	
12.5	Breach Crater Formation	359		
12.6	Combined Spall and Breach Crater Formation	361		
12.7	Rubble Volume	365		
12.8	Craters on Nonplanar Surfaces	367		
12.9	Multiple Craters	367		
13.10	Air Blast in Tunnels	368
13.11	Blast Door Vulnerability Model	370
13.12	Damage Criteria for Tunnels	373
References	374
Chapter 13	Personnel Injury	375
14.3	Introduction	375
14.4	Casualty Criteria	376
14.5	Wound Ballistics	377
14.6	Computer Man Program	389
14.7	Computer Man Injury Assessment	393
14.8	Computer Man Shotline Modes	400
14.9	Sperrazza and Kokinakis Methods	401
14.10	General Full Spray Personnel Model (GFSP)	404
14.11	Detailed Description of GFSP	411
14.12	Ballistic Limit for Fragments	417
14.13	Effect of Terrain on Presented Area	419
14.14	Component-Level Personnel Injury Modeling	421
14.15	Injury Due to Blast	423
14.16	The Operational Requirement–Based Casualty
Assessment (ORCA)	430
14.17	Risk Estimates, Collateral Damage, and Minimum
Safe Distances	432
References	440
Chapter 14	Aboveground Buildings and Bunkers	441
15.10	Introduction	441
15.11	Overview of FIST Functionality	444
15.12	Basic Building Structural Models	446
15.13	Smart Target Model Generator (STMG) for Buildings	446
15.14	Weapon Impact, Penetration, and Detonation	450
15.15	Internal Detonations: Shockwave Path Length	452
15.16	Structural Damage for Internal Detonations	454
15.17	Flexural Failure due to Shock Loading	456
15.18	Breach and Spall	458
15.19	Flexural Failure due to Quasi-Static Pressure: GPRS	463
15.20	Quasi-Static Pressures Outside the Blast Room	464
15.21	External Bursts: Ground Shock	465
15.1	
xiv	Advanced Weaponeering
15.22	External Bursts: Cratering and Breach	467
15.23	Building Collapse	470
15.24	Progressive or Disproportionate Collapse	472
15.25	Structural Kill Metrics	473
15.26	Functional Kill	475
15.27	Equipment Damage	476
15.28	Personnel Injury in Buildings	479
15.29	Simplified Building Damage Methodology	481
15.30	Building Analysis	482
15.31	Blast Field Analysis	485
15.32	Failure Analysis	486
15.33	Damage Assessment	487
15.34	Case Studies of Building Damage	490
15.35	Bunkers and Hardened Targets	493
References	495
Chapter 15	Bridge Targets	497
16.17	Introduction	497
16.18	Bridge Components	498
16.19	Bridge Types	499
16.20	Damage Requirements for Defeating a Bridge Target	502
16.21	Elementary Concepts in Structural Mechanics	503
16.22	Bridge Design Codes and Standards	508
16.23	Characteristic Dimensions in Structural Design	509
16.24	Damage Mechanisms Involved in Collapsing a Span	510
16.25	Fragment and Blast Loading of Structural Members	515
16.26	Characterizing Failure Criteria	520
16.27	Weapon Damage Model	524
16.28	Overview of Structural Failure Prediction
Methodology	525
References	526
Chapter 16	Mines	527
•	Introduction	527
•	Land Mines	527
•	Land Minefield Specification and Planning	529
•	Simplified Land Mine Method: Minefield Density	531
•	Detailed Land Mine Method	534
•	Sea Mines	539
•	Shallow Water Sea Mines	540
•	Deep Water Sea Mines	540
•	Antisubmarine Mines	546
•	

Chapter 17	Collateral Damage Estimation	Contents

549	xv	
17.1	Introduction	549		
17.2	Simple Collateral Damage Methodology	550		
17.3	Four-Tier Collateral Damage and Casualty Estimation Methodology	
551		
17.4	Collateral Damage Boundaries and Hazardous Areas	558		
17.5	Collateral Damage Estimates (CDEs) Methodology	560		
References	568

Chapter 18	Ray Tracing Effectiveness
Methodologies	569
•	Introduction	569
•	Example Implementation: Turbo PK	571
•	Overview of Program Operation	572
•	Rayleigh Ground Plane Burst Point Option	575
•	Rayleigh Normal Plane Burst Points Option	577
•	Hei Projectile Grid	577
•	Parallel Shotline Option	579
•	Single Burst Point Option	580
•	Utility Options	582
•	Methodology Details	589
•	Summary	597
Reference	597
Chapter 19	Anti–Air Weapon Effectiveness	599
•	Introduction	599
•	Joint Anti-Air Model (JAAM)	599
•	General Model Description and Features	602
•	Missile Model Description	604
•	Aircraft Model Description	605
•	Launch Acceptable Region (LAR) Generation	607
•	Suite of Anti-Air Kill Chain Models and Data (SAK-MD)	608
•	Aimpoints	608
•	Delivery Accuracy	609
•	Fuze Function	611
•	Single Fragment Probability of Kill	613
•	Damage Due to Fragments	617
•	Damage Due to Direct Hit	620
•	Damage Due to Blast	621
•	Total Damage PK	622
References	622

xvi	Advanced Weaponeering
Chapter 20	Target Acquisition	623
1.	Introduction	623
2.	Experimental Contrast Thresholds for the Human Eye	625
3.	Overington Threshold Model	628
4.	Field Tests Detecting Military Targets	632
5.	Johnson’s Frequency Domain Experiments	633
6.	Acquire Target Acquisition Model	636
7.	Air-to-Surface Target Acquisition	642
8.	Flight Profile and Run-In Effects	643
9.	Terrain Model	644
10.	Detection Range RVIS	648
11.	Conversion of Range to Probability of Launch	649
12.	A Target Acquisition Tool	653
13.	Simplified Target Acquisition Model	655
14.	Time-Dependent Target Detection: Search	656
References	659

Appendix A	Derivation of Error Equations for Unguided,		
Surface-Launched Weapons	661	
Index	683	
Supporting Materials	000